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【】oaeuropeaneirewasno slluaking.itronghandsandacapable head.peterpossessedboth.intheyear1698,thegreat operationofgraftingdeeuropeuponarussiawas perford.thepatientdidnotdie.butheover theshock,astheeventsofthelastfiveyearshaveshownvery plainly. russiavs.sweden russiaandsanyo decideheleading poheasteeurope intheyear1698,tsarpetersetforthuponhisfirst voyagetoeeurope.hetravelledbywayofberlinand ost beendroedeboatinthedudof hisfathersuntryho.thispassionforained totheendofhislife.inapraalshowed itselfinhisainsaessto theopensea. heunpopularandharshyoungrulerwasaway froo,thefriendsoftheoldrussianos tos.asuddenrebellionang hislifeguards,thestreltsiregint,forcedpetertohasten hobythefastil.heappointedhielfexecutionerin chiefareltsieredandkilledto thelastn.sistersophia,heheadofthe rebellion,erandtheruleofpeterbe ga.thisseedintheyear1716when peterhadgoneonhissehe reaariesfolloheleadershipofpetershalfted son,alexis.agaisarretuedihaste.alexis ehinhisprisoncellandthefriendsofthe oldfashionedbyzantinearchedthousandsofdreary lestotheirfiinationinthesiberianleadnes. afterthat,nofurtheroutbreaksofpopulardisook plainpeace. itisogiveyoualistofhisreforinological order.thetsarhfurioushaste.hefollowed nosysteheissuedhisdehrapiditythatitis diffiedtofeelthateverything thathadeverhappenedbeforeirelyhewhole ofrussiathereforestbegedhintheshortestpossible ti.behindayof 200,000nandanavyoffiftyships.theoldsystefgovent hadbeenabolishedoveight.thedu,orion ofnobles,hadbeendisssedandinitsstead,thetsar hadsurroundedhielfhanadvisoryboardofstateofficials, calledthesenate. russiaentsorprovinces. roadsructed.to.industries edpleasedthetsar,houtanyregard forthepresenceofraaterial.alsines ountainsoftheeast.inthislandofilliterates, schoolsentsofhigherleaing, togetherhuiesandhospitalsandprofessional senandartisans frollovertheovetorussia. printingshopsustbefirstread bytheierialsors.thedutiesofealassofsociety ofcivilandallaheredintoaseriesofprinted volus.theoldrussianstusperial deen,ardhscissors,g alltheuntryroads,ou jikssuddenlyintoapleasingitationofsothshaven. europeans. inreligioustters,thetsartoleratednodivisionof poustbenoceofarivalrybetweenan eerorandapopeashadhappenedineurope.intheyear 1721,peterdehielfheadoftherussianh.the patriarosheholysynod deitsappearahehighestsourceofauthorityinall ttersoftheestablishedh. sinsuldnotbesuess fulentshadarallyingpointinthe toovehisgoventtoa theuhyrshesofthebalticsea thetsarbuiltthishelandin theyear1703.fortythousandpeasantsworkedforyears tolaythefoundationsforthisierialcity.theswedes attackedpeterandtriedtodestroyhistownandillnessand serykilledtensofthousandsofthepeasants.butthework r,andthereadydetown sooogroheyear1712,itiallyde perialresidence.adozenyearslater ithad75,000inhabitants.theywas floodedbytheneva.buttheterrifichetsar . erdiedin1725heheohelargestcity innortheeurope. ofurse,thissuddengrowthofsodangerousarivalhad beenasourceofgreathis side,peterhadanyadventuresof hisbalticrival,thekingdofsheyear1654, christina,theonlydaughterofgustavusadolphus,thehero ofthethirtyyearshethroneandhad goorotoendherdaysasadevout.aprotestant nepheavusadolphushadsueededthelast queenofthehouseofvasa.undercharlesxandcharles xi,theneyhadbroughtsoitshighestpoint ofdevelopnt.butin1697,charlesxidiedsuddenlyand een,charlesxii. thisontforanyofthenorthestates haded.duringthegreatreligiousheseveh tury,stheexpenseofheeighbours. thetihade,sotheohought,tobalaheat. atonceark andsaxonyontheoneside,aher. theraiesofpeterrouslybeaten byberof theyear1700.thenostiinglitary gehaties andfoineyearshehackedandbuedhishroughthe villagesandarkaic provinces,erdrilledandtrainedhissoldiersindistant russia. asaresult,intheyear1709,ileofpoltahe svitesdestroyedtheexhaustedaresofswede ...